Agricultural Systems Having Stalk Sensors And/Or Data Visualization Systems And Related Devices And Methods

ABSTRACT

The disclosure relates to agricultural systems. The systems have stalk sensor assemblies and/or data visualization systems. The stalk sensor assemblies are configured for assessing the size and other characteristics about crops, such as corn and other grains entering an agricultural implement, such as a harvester. The stalk sensor assemblies may use an estimation of the stalk perimeter to establish stalk size and therefore further features about the crop. The visualization system utilizes data from the stalk sensor assemblies to calculate and display relevant information about the crop.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION(S)

This application claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) to U.S.Provisional Application 62/686,248, filed Jun. 18, 2018, and entitled“Corn Head Stalk Sensor” and U.S. Provisional Application 62/810,231,filed Feb. 25, 2019, and entitled “Corn Head Stalk Sensor DataVisualization,” both of which are hereby incorporated herein byreference in their entirety for all purposes.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This disclosure relates generally to agricultural implements, moreparticularly agricultural implements and sensors for detecting,measuring and displaying information about plant stalks during harvest.

BACKGROUND

Generating accurate yield maps is an important tool in agriculturebecause it can assist stakeholders in making decisions and assessingprior actions. Prior yield maps analyze yields but do not detect missingplants or late emerged plants. Accurate knowledge of missing or lateemerged plants may be useful to a practitioner in assessing the bestcourse of action to improve future yields.

There is a need in the art for devices, systems and methods forcounting, measuring, and displaying data related to plant yield on arow-by-row basis during harvest.

BRIEF SUMMARY

Disclosed herein are various harvesters, more specifically corn headsand associated sensors and data visualization systems on combineharvesters. Various sensors mounted on a corn head may count and measurecorn stalks as they pass through the corn head during harvest.Processing components and display units are used to calculate anddisplay information about the measured stalks to provide the user withinformation about yield including on a row-by-row and plant-by-plantlevel.

A system of one or more computers can be configured to performparticular operations or actions by virtue of having software, firmware,hardware, or a combination of them installed on the system that inoperation causes or cause the system to perform the actions. One or morecomputer programs can be configured to perform. particular operations oractions by virtue of including instructions that, when executed by dataprocessing apparatus, cause the apparatus to perform the actions.

One Example includes an agricultural system, including at least onestalk sensor assembly, where the at least one stalk sensor assembly isconstructed and arranged to measure stalk size. Other embodiments ofthis Example include corresponding computer systems, apparatus, andcomputer programs recorded on one or more computer storage devices, eachconfigured to perform the actions of the methods.

Implementations according to this Example may include one or more of thefollowing features. The agricultural system where the at least one stalksensor assembly includes one or more wheels. The agricultural systemwhere: the one or more wheels engage with stalks so as to rotate, andthe agricultural system estimates the size of the stalks via the wheelrotation. The agricultural system where the one or more wheels isoperationally coupled to one or more pulse sensors, The agriculturalsystem where the one or more wheels is operationally coupled to one ormore brakes. The agricultural system where the one or more wheels isoperationally coupled to one or more proximity sensors. The agriculturalsystem further including a visualization system. The agricultural systemwhere the visualization system includes a user interface on an in-cabdisplay. Implementations of the described techniques may includehardware, a method or process, or computer software on acomputer-accessible medium.

One general Example includes an agricultural system, including at leastone stalk sensor assembly including: at least one wheel, at least oneresilient member operatively engaged with the at least one wheel, atleast one pulse sensor in communication with the wheel and constructedand arranged to detect degrees of rotation of the at least one wheel,where the degrees of rotation of the at least one wheel are correlatedto stalk size. Other embodiments of this Example include correspondingcomputer systems, apparatus, and computer programs recorded on one ormore computer storage devices, each configured to perform the actions ofthe methods.

Implementations according to this Example may include one or more of thefollowing features. The agricultural system further including avisualization system in communication with the at least one sensorassembly. The agricultural system where the visualization systemincludes a yield monitor. The agricultural system where the yieldmonitor is constructed and arranged to determine yield on a row-by-rowbasis. The agricultural system where the visualization system isconstructed and arranged to calculate and display one or more ofharvested plants, late emergence, missing plants, yield per plant, yieldper area, yield per thousand, bushels per acre, bushels per thousand,economic loss, row-by-row area counting, and row plugs. The agriculturalsystem further including a late emerged threshold defined by wheelrotation. Implementations of the described techniques may includehardware, a method or process, or computer software on acomputer-accessible medium.

One Example includes an agricultural system, including: a sensorassembly including: a first wheel and a second wheel, a first pulsesensor in communication with the first wheel, and a second pulse sensorin communication with the second wheel, where the first pulse sensor andthe second pulse sensor measure degrees of rotation of the first wheeland the second wheel. Other embodiments of this Example includecorresponding computer systems, apparatus, and computer programsrecorded on one or more computer storage devices, each configured toperform the actions of the methods.

Implementations according to this Example may include one or more of thefollowing features. The agricultural system where the sensor assembly isconstructed and arranged to estimate a stalk circumference from thedegrees of rotation. The agricultural system further including a firstresilient member operatively engaged with the first wheel and a secondresilient member operatively engaged with the second wheel. Theagricultural system further including a visualization system. Theagricultural system further including at least one proximity sensor. Theagricultural system further including a row unit plug alarm.Implementations of the described techniques may include hardware, amethod or process, or computer software on a computer-accessible medium.

While multiple embodiments are disclosed, still other embodiments of theagricultural system will become apparent to those skilled in the artfrom the following detailed description, which shows and describesillustrative embodiments of the system and associated devices andmethods of use. As will be realized, these systems, methods and devicesare capable of modifications in various obvious aspects, all withoutdeparting from the spirit and scope of the disclosure. Accordingly, thedrawings and detailed description are to be regarded as illustrative innature and not restrictive.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a side view of a row of corn plants.

FIG. 2 shows ears of corn from a row having missing plants.

FIG. 3 show ears of corn from a row without missing plants.

FIG. 4 is a side view of a row of corn plants with a late emergingplant.

FIG. 5 is a side view of a row of corn plants with late emerging plants.

FIG. 6 is a flow chart for troubleshooting low yield areas.

FIG. 7 is a top view of a harvester in a field, according to oneimplementation.

FIG. 8 is a top view of a harvester, according to one implementation.

FIG. 9A is a process diagram showing the operation of the sensoryassembly, according to one implementation.

FIG. 9B is a model implementation of a sensor assembly, according to oneimplementation.

FIG. 9C is a model graph showing total rotation per unit time, accordingto the implementation of FIG. 9B.

FIG. 10A is a bottom view of a sensor assembly, according to oneimplementation.

FIG. 10B is a graph showing total rotation per unit of time, accordingto the implementation of FIG. 10A.

FIG. 11A is a bottom view of a sensor assembly, according to oneimplementation.

FIG. 11B is a graph showing total rotation per unit of time, accordingto the implementation of FIG. 11A.

FIG. 12A is a bottom view of a sensor assembly, according to oneimplementation.

FIG. 12B is a graph showing total rotation per unit time, according tothe implementation of FIG. 12A.

FIG. 13A is a bottom view of a sensor assembly, according to oneimplementation.

FIG. 13B is a graph showing total rotation per unit time, according tothe implementation of FIG. 13A.

FIG. 14A is a bottom view of a sensor assembly, according to oneimplementation.

FIG. 14B is a graph showing total rotation per unit time, according tothe implementation of FIG. 14A.

FIG. 15A is a bottom view of a sensor assembly, according to oneimplementation.

FIG. 15B is a graph showing total rotation per unit time, according tothe implementation of FIG. 15A.

FIG. 16 is a graph showing revolutions per minute per unit time,according to one implementation.

FIG. 17 depicts an exemplary user interface, according to oneimplementation

FIG. 18A depicts an exemplary user interface showing missing plant data,according to one implementation.

FIG. 18B depicts an exemplary user interface showing missing plant data,according to one implementation

FIG. 19 shows exemplary harvest data.

FIG. 20 shows exemplary harvest data for various hybrids.

FIG. 21 shows exemplary harvest data for various hybrids.

FIG. 22 is a top view of a row unit, according to one implementation.

FIG. 23 is a top view of a corn head and row units, according to oneimplementation.

FIG. 24 is a side view of a row unit plant stalk jam, according to oneimplementation.

FIG. 25 is a flow chart depicting an exemplary algorithm for row alarms,according to one implementation.

FIG. 26 is a side view of a rove unit with a slow turning rate,according to one implementation.

FIG. 27 is a side view of a row unit with correct turning rate,according to one implementation.

FIG. 28 is a top view of a planter and a harvester comparing rownumbers, according to one implementation.

FIG. 29 is an exemplary user interface, according to one implementation.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Various implementations of the disclosed systems, devices and methodsrelate to agricultural yield and monitoring systems having at least oneof a data visualization system and any associated sensor assemblies. Insome implementations, a harvester has a corn head comprising a pluralityof row units. Each row unit or some of the row units have an operativelyengaged stalk sensor assembly for counting and measuring plant stalks.The sensor assemblies are in communication with the data visualizationsystem and associated computer(s) and/or other processing mechanisms tocalculate and display various data including yield per acre, number ofplants planted per acre, the number of plants harvested per acre, thepercentage of missing plants, the percentage of emerged late plants, theyield per 1000 plants, the potential lost yield, economic loss per acre,and various other parameters as are herein disclosed and as would berecognized by those of skill in the art.

In various of these and other implementations, the sensor assemblies arerotational stalk sensor assemblies. These sensor assemblies mechanicallyengage plant stalks to detect and measure the plant stalks on anindividual plant and row-by-row basis.

Turning to the drawings in greater detail, FIG. 1 depicts a row 1 ofcorn plants 2 having a missing plant (shown at 3 in FIG. 2). in anillustrative example, each plant 2 has a per plant yield equivalent to200 bushels per acre (bu/ac). Plants 2 on each side of the missing plant3 also have a projected per plant yield equivalent to about 200 bu/ac,illustrating no yield compensation for any missing plants 3. In someinstances, plants 2 on either side of the missing plant 3 may marginallycompensate for the missing plant 3 by growing a slightly larger ear. Itis understood that any corresponding yield regain-by adjacent plants2—is small or negligible. Most consider any yield compensation to befinancially insignificant or negligible.

On a prior art yield map, such as that known in the art, missing cornplants 3 are interpreted or depicted as merely a lower yield for anentire field area. That is, areas with missing plants 3 can appear thesame on a yield map as areas without missing plants 3 but as havingsmaller ears or lower yield.

FIGS. 2-3 show ears 4 taken from two different four-foot row strips inthe same field. Three to four plants are missing in FIG. 2, while allplants are present in FIG. 3. One of skill would appreciate that theears are smaller in FIG. 3 than the ears in FIG. 2. Consequently, bothstrips have the same yield quantity despite the greater number of earsin FIG. 3. These two strips would be indistinguishable on a yield mapbecause their yield quantities are interpreted as the same, becausethere is not an accurate count of the missing plants 3.

It will be further appreciated by those of skill in the art from FIG.2-3 that knowledge of missing plants 3 is required to correctlytroubleshoot low yielding areas on a yield map. That is because actionsto correct missing corn plants 3-no ears/no plant-are different fromactions to correct low yields of a “full stand” row where all plants 2are present but the ears are smaller.

It is further understood that missing corn plants 3 are often caused byissues at planting that prevent or delay plant emergence. For example,mechanical planter problems like skips in planted seeds, improper seeddepth, improper seed trench closure and crop residue that blocks plantemergence are various issues that may prevent plant emergence and leadto missing plants 3. Further, agronomic factors at planting such asunviable seeds, cold soil temperatures, dry soil and soil diseases canalso halt plant emergence and lead to missing plants 3.

By contrast, low yields from a full stand of corn are frequently causedby in season growing problems such as water shortage, fertilizershortage, excessive heat during pollination, disease stress and otherfactors recognized by a person of ordinary skill in the art.

Missing plants 3 commonly account for significant economic yield loss,sometimes as high as 10%. Additionally, the magnitude of missing plants3 can vary substantially across fields. For example, the number ofmissing plants 3 can vary by soil type, slope as well as by differentagronomic and tillage treatments.

In addition to missing plants, late emerging plants can alsosignificantly impact yield. Corn plants that emerge later than adjacentplants within a row typically do not match the size of the adjacent,plants. Estimates used among those of skill in the art is about a 50%yield loss for plants behind by one leaf and about a 100% yield loss forplants behind two or more leaves. FIG. 4 depicts an exemplary corn plant2A behind more than two leaves. These late plants 2A can be identifiedvisually at harvest by their characteristic thin stalks and very smallears. FIG. 5 depicts late plants 2A in the row of normal plants 2.Empirically, emerged late plants 2A are about half the size of thrivingplants 2. For example, late plants 2A typically have about a 50% thinnerstalk size than productive plants 2.

Late plants 2A may be caused by many of the same factors that causemissing plants 3, as discussed above (e.g., planting problems). Forexample, crop residue in the seed trench can stunt emergence by causingthe corn shoot to have to grow around or through the residue. In anotherexample, incorrect seed depth or seed trench closure may cause missingplants 3 or late plants 2A. Planting practices may result in significantyield loss from emerged late plants 2A, sometimes as high as 5% yieldloss. As noted above, actions taken to correct or prevent late plantsare often different than actions to correct a full stand low yield.

Correctly assessing the cause of low yield is important for stakeholdersto be able to determine the appropriate corrections that may be made toimprove future yields. FIG. 6 is a flow chart depicting an exemplaryimplementation of a process tree for assessing and determining the causeof low yields in a planting environment. The ability to determine thenumber and location of missing plants 3 and late emerged plants 2Awithin an area or entire field is addressed by the system 10 andassociated devices and other components disclosed herein. Thisquantification and identification is valuable to assessing appropriateaction(s) tot improve future yields. Erroneous and/or economicallywasteful corrective actions can be taken if missing plants 3 and emergedlate plants 2A are not considered when evaluating the cause of lowyields. In one example, practitioners may assume a full stand andprescribe application of extra fertilizer in low yielding areas absentmissing plant 3 or late emerging plant 2A data. This extra fertilizermay be unnecessary if missing plants 3 from mechanical planter problemsare the cause of the low yield, and resolving the mechanical issue iswhat is needed to improve yield. These and other types of errors may heprevented by considering missing plants and late emerged plants as apossible cause for low yields.

Turning to FIG. 7, known yield monitors use a header 13 having a heightsensor to trigger area counting on and off. That is, raising the head 13above a certain height triggers area counting off and lowering the head13 triggers area counting on. An issue can arise because the head 13 isnot always harvesting all rows 1 when it is down and therefore may overcount an area. Various yield monitors may utilize an “auto swath”feature that automatically shuts off area counting for any corn head rowover an already harvested area. Use of such an “auto swath” featurerequires an expensive high accuracy GPS receiver to spatially detectwhich corn head row or rows should he shutoff.

The disclosed agricultural system 10, data visualization system 18,sensor assemblies 20 and associated devices and methods address theissues described above by providing accurate stalk counts, stalkmeasurements, and corresponding data visualization. Those of skill inthe art will readily appreciate that the various features describedherein can be used independently or in combination.

I. Sensors

FIG. 8 depicts an implementation of the system 10 having a harvester 11with stalk sensor assemblies 20A-20H disposed on each row unit 12 of acorn head 13. The sensor assemblies 20 according to theseimplementations are constructed and arranged to detect and measure plantstalks 2. For example, various implementations of the sensor assembly 20are depicted in FIGS. 9B-15B. In various of these and otherimplementations, the sensor assemblies 20 include rotational stalksensors that are constructed and arranged to measure the perimeter ofeach stalk, or other stalk characteristics specific to the individualsensor type. In any event, these sensors 20 mechanically engage orotherwise interact with passing plant stalks to detect and measure plantstalks on an individual plant and row-by-row basis.

FIG. 9A-9B depict a model process diagram for an agricultural system 10having a model sensor assembly 20, according to certain exemplaryimplementations. FIGS. 9B, 10A, 11A, 12A, 13A, 14A and 15A depictvarious implementations and components of the sensor assembly 20, whileFIGS. 9C, 10B, 11B, 12B, 13B, 14B and 15B depict graphicalrepresentations of total rotation per unit time, according to theirrespective implementations.

Looking at FIGS. 9A-9B, FIG. 9A depicts a process diagram and FIG. 9Bdepicts certain components of an exemplary implementation of the system10.

In these implementations, the sensor assembly 20 consists of two wheels22 or other pulse generating devices. The wheels 22 engage with androtate around a stalk 2—as the stalk 2 enters and traverses through thecorn head 13 in the direction of reference arrow 8. In someimplementations, the wheels 22 have teeth to grip and thereby engagewith the stalk 2. In various other implementations, the wheels 22 mayhave a smooth surface with a high friction or other gripping materialsuch as rubber or the like disposed along the contact edges of thewheels 22, in order to engage with the stalk 2. In variousimplementations, the gripping material may be any type of rubbermaterial, as would be appreciated by those of skill in the art.

As the stalk 2 traverses through the corn head 13 the wheels 22 areengaged by the stalk 2 and the wheels 22 rotate about their axes. As thewheels 22 rotate a pulse sensor 24 or other sensor measures the amountof rotation of the wheel 22 via electrical or other pulses. In variousimplementations, a known amount of electrical pulses are symmetricallygenerated per revolution of the wheel 22. For example, one electricalpulse may be generated for every 1/25 turn of the wheel 22, such thattwenty-five pulses will be emitted for each full revolution of the wheel22. In various other implementations-where the wheels 22 have teeth-thepulse sensor 24 may count the number of teeth that pass the sensor 24per rotation, Various pulse sensors 24 are known and understood in theart. For example, the pulse sensor 24 may be an encoder, a gear teethsensor, or other sensor as would be appreciated by those of skill in theart.

It is further understood that in the various implementations of thesensor assembly 20, the various components described herein are inoperational communication with the visualization system 18 and/or any ofthe components described in relation to FIG. 8 that are capable ofrecording and storing digital or electronic information collected viathe pulse sensors 26 and other components, as would be well-understoodby those of skill in the art.

In some implementations, the sensor assembly 20 is mounted under eachstripper plate 30 in front of the stalk rolls (shown in FIG. 22). Invarious alternative implementations, the sensor assembly 20 is mountedabove the stripper plates 30.

Continuing with the implementations of FIGS. 9A-9B, the sensor assembly20 operates such that a stalk 2 enters the corn head 13 (shown atreference arrow B) between the stripper plates 30 (box 100 in FIG. 9A),the stalk 2 engages the wheels 22 (box 102 in FIG. 9A) and the wheels 22rotate and are urged angularly away from the stalk 2 (shown at referencearrow C) against a resilient member 26 (box 104 in FIG. 9A). Theresilient member 26 allows the wheels 22 to move such that the stalk 2can continue traverse through the stripper plates 30.

Continuing with FIGS. 9A-9B, the resilient members 26 also urge thewheels 22 toward the stalk 2—such that the wheels 22 remain engaged withthe stalk 2 and the wheels 22 are properly rotated about the entirecircumference of the stalk 2. Once the stalk 2 passes the wheels 22, thewheels 22 are urged back to a return position by the resilient members26 (box 106 in FIG. 9A).

According to these implementations, as the stalk 2 is rotating thewheels 22, one or more pulse sensors 24 are detecting and measuring theemitted electrical pulse from the wheel (box 108 in FIG. 9A). The system10 may then add the number of emitted pulses from the correspondingwheels 22 on both sides of the stalk 2. The system 10 then can generateoutput corresponding to if the stalk 2—that passed through the sensorassembly 20—was a healthy stalk 2 or a late emerged stalk (box 112 inFIG. 9A).

FIG. 9C depicts a graphical representation of the total rotation of thewheels 22 over time, which may be used to quantify or otherwise estimatethe size of the stalk 2, as discussed below. In use, it is thusunderstood that the wheels 22 start turning when a stalk 2 beginsdriving itself through the sensor assembly 20. That is, the wheels 22rotate around the circumference (or perimeter) of the stalk 2. Eachwheel 22 is constructed to emit pulses proportional to the degree ofrotation, which are received by the pulse sensor 24, as described above.These pulses and/or other signals of degrees of rotation are added fromboth wheels 22—thereby detecting the entire circumference of the stalk2.

Since stalks 2 are approximately circular, and healthy stalks 2 arelarger in size than late emerged stalks 2A, healthy stalks 2 producesignificantly more degrees of rotation than late emerged stalks 2A.Therefore, as discussed below in relation to Section VI, where thesystem 10 defines a late emerged threshold-such as a number of degreesof rotation (or pulses)—that threshold serves as a demarcation line forthe system 10 to quantify and/or display via the visualization system 18a quantification or other analysis of productive vs, late emergedstalks. Further implementations can utilize any of the collected datatypes or measurements in establishing and enforcing the late emergedthreshold, such that, for example stalks above the threshold arerecorded as productive and stalks below the late emerged threshold arerecorded as late emerged by the system 10. For example, stalks above 75°of wheel rotation are productive and below 75° are late emerged, asdescribed further in relation to section VI below. Other implementationsare of course possible, some of which utilize statistical techniques,machine learning and/or other artificial intelligence (AI) to establishand calibrate the :late emerged threshold.

Most stalks 2 are elliptical, meaning they have a major axis and a minoraxis diameter, where major is a larger diameter than minor. Variousprior stalk sensors only measure stalk diameter, but due to theelliptical nature of most stalks this type of measurement can introduceerror depending on stalk orientation. The system 10 and sensor assembly20 described herein eliminate this type of error by instead sensing theentire perimeter of a stalk.

It is further understood that the wheels 22 may continue to rotate for atime after a stalk 2 passes, due to the angular momentum of the wheels22. This continued rotation can cause inaccurate measurements of thestalk 2 perimeter due to the continued rotation and detection of therotation after the stalk 2 as entirely traversed the sensor assembly 20and is no longer in contact with he wheels 22. Various methods foraddressing this are disclosed below.

In some implementations, the sensor assembly 20 comprises brakes 28 thatgenerate frictional forces opposite the rotation of the wheels 22. Thebrakes 28 when engaged rapidly reduce and stop the rotation of thewheels 22 when the stalk 2 is no longer in contact with the wheels 22.The brakes 28 are configured to apply the correct amount of brakingforce when engaged to provide for a rapid deceleration of the rotationof the wheels 22 without causing slippage between the stalk 2 and thewheels 22.

FIGS. 10A-11B depict further implamentations of the system 10 comprisingone or more brakes 28 to stop the rotation or counting of the rotationof the wheels 22 after the stalk has passed.

In these implementations, the brake 28 or brakes 28 apply brake frictionselectively based on position of the wheels 22. In FIG. 10A, the passingstalk 2 has urged the wheels 22 away from the brakes 28 such that nofrictional force is being applied to the wheels 22. The wheels 22 arerotating about the perimeter of the stalk 2 to record the stalk 2 size.FIG. 10B depicts a graphical representation of the total number ofrotations per unit of time that both wheels 22 have rotated about thestalk shown in FIG. 10A. In FIG. 11A, the stalk 2 has passed the wheels22, allowing the springs 26 to urge the wheels 22 into contact with thebrakes 28. The brakes 29 then apply frictional forces to halt the wheel22 rotation, as shown in FIG. 11B.

Further implementations of the system 10 may adjust the frictional forceapplied based on system feedback, This feedback may include, but is notlimited to, deceleration rate of the wheels 22 after a stalk 2 passes,vehicle ground speed, frequency of detected stalks 2, and position ofthe wheels 22.

In various alternative implementations, as shown in FIGS. 12A-13B,position sensors 32 are implemented in the sensor assembly 20. Theseposition sensors 32 are constructed and arranged to monitor the positionand/or operation of the wheels 22. For example, the position sensor 32may monitor whether the wheels 22 have returned to a defined positionindicating that the stalk 2 has passed. Additionally, the positionsensors 32 may monitor when the wheels 22 have been urged away from thestalk 2 as the stalk 2 enters the sensor assembly 20. This positioninformation is then used to process the rotational signals emitted bythe wheels 22 and sensed by the pulse sensors 24. The position sensor 32indicates when to start and stop counting rotation of the wheels 22.

FIGS. 12A-13B demonstrate the use of such proximity sensors 32 tomonitor position. In FIG. 12A, the passing stalk 2 has forced the wheels22 away from the proximity sensors 32, such that rotations begin to becounted, as shown in FIG. 12B. In FIG. 13A, the stalk 2 has passed,allowing the springs 26 to urge the wheels 22 back into positionadjacent to the proximity sensors 32. FIG. 13B shows when furtherrotation of the wheels 22 should be ignored due to the wheels 22returning to a position engaged with the proximity sensors 32. When theproximity sensors 32 are triggered, the system 10 ignores additionalrotation signals until the proximity sensors 32 are again displaced.

In another implementation, shown in FIGS. 14A-15B, the resilient members26 may be a resilient arm 26. The resilient arm 26 is rigidly attachedto the stripper plate 30 at a first end and the wheel 22 is mounted atthe second end. In various implementations, the resilient arm 26 is madeof an elastomer material, such as, but not limited to, polyisoprene,polybutadiene, polyisobutylene, and polyurethanes. The resilient memberis constructed and arranged such that as the stalks 2 pass through thesensor assembly 20 the wheels 22 are urged out of the way causing theresilient member 26 to flex in the direction of reference arrow D. Afterthe stalk 2, completely traverses through the sensor assembly 20, theresilient, members 26 straighten or “snap” back into their originalposition.

The implementation of FIGS. 14A-15B may be used in conjunction witheither or both of the brakes 28 and the proximity sensors 32, discussedabove.

Various additional sensor implementations may employ the use of brakes28 and/or proximity sensors 32 along with a maximumrevolutions-per-minute (“RPM”) cutoff. After the stalk 2 passes throughthe sensor assembly 20, the brakes 28 are engaged to slow the wheels 22.As shown in FIG. 16, the wheel(s) 22 reach a maximum RPM when the stalk2 disengages from the wheels 22. As such, a maximum RPM can be used toserve as an indicator for when to stop recording additional rotation ofthe wheels 22. It is understood that there is no single defined maximumRPM, instead the system stops reading/recording rotation when each wheel22 reaches its peak or maximum RPM. The maximum RPM can vary from stalkto stalk according to ground speed and stalk size.

In these and other implementations, the sensor assembly 20 beginsrecording degrees rotation when the proximity sensor 32 signals off-whena stalk 2 enters the sensor assembly 20. The sensor assembly 20continues to co with and record rotations until the maximum RPM isreached. In various implementations, the RPM value is calculated by thepulse sensor 24. The sensor assembly 20 then stops counting andrecording rotation when the maximum RPM is reached. By only counting therevolutions prior to reaching the maximum RPM, the sensor assembly 20may be more accurate in measuring stalk 2 perimeter because the sensorassembly 20 will not count the additional rotations while the wheels 22are moving into contact with the brakes 28 or to engage with theproximity sensors 32.

II Data Visualization

Turning back to FIG. 8, in these and other implementations of theagricultural system 10, the stalk sensor assemblies 20 are incommunication with an electronic recording and visualization system 18.In various implementations, the visualization system 18 has an in-cabdisplay 15 and is interconnected with the sensor assemblies 20 through awired or wireless connection 40. In various implementations, thevisualization system 18 communicates with a GPS receiver 42 and a yieldmonitor system 44. It is appreciated that further hardware componentsare also in operational communication with these components and areconstructed and arranged to effectuate the systems and processesdescribed herein. That is, in various implementations, one or moreprocessors 41 and physical storage media 43 are disposed in theharvester 11 or are otherwise accessible by the visualization system 18,such as via a wired connection or a wireless connection such as an LTEor other cellular or Wi-Fi connection.

It is further understood that the visualization system 18, according tocertain implementations, has or is otherwise connected to a server 45,database 47 and other components necessary for calculation, processing,transmitting and otherwise storing data for use by the visualizationsystem 18, as described herein, Various of these components such as thesever 4 and database 47 may be stored and accessed via a cloud 46 basedplatform. Alternate implementations comprise other hardware and softwarecomponents necessary for effecting the processes described herein.

Continuing with the exemplary implementation of FIG. 8., in certainimplementations, the various stalk sensor assemblies 20, discussedabove, may—in addition to counting and measuring plants 2—detect lateplants 2A, plugged rows, and trigger area counting on/off. In someimplementations, independent sensor assemblies 20 may be provided foreach function: counting, plugging, area counting, and others functionsas would be appreciated. It would also be appreciated that in someimplementations, not every row unit 12 may require a stalk sensorassembly 20. That is, in certain implementations, patterns unique tocertain field scale conditions, like hybrid type, planting date,tillage, and the like can be detected by instrumenting only sonic of thecorn head rows 12. The system 10 may function with or without a yieldmonitor 44 or a GPS receiver 42.

Each stalk sensor assembly 20, according to certain implementations, isassigned a row number to denote a row unit 12 of a corn head 13 (shownas 20A, 20B, 20C, etc.). It is appreciated that by convention corn head13 row units 12 are commonly numbered from left to right with respect toforward travel direction (shown as reference arrow A). Distance offsetsmay be used to locate the various sensors assemblies 20 relative to themounted GPS receiver 42 location on the harvester 11.

In further implementations, each stalk sensor assembly 20 independentlycounts and measures stalks 2 entering the respective corn head 13 rowunit 12 and may, in certain implementations, determine a quantity ofharvested plants 2, missing plants 3, emerged late plants 2A as well asrow plugged and row area counting on/off status, among othercharacteristics of the plant/row. Further implementations are of coursepossible.

FIG. 17 for example depicts an exemplary user interface 19 of arow-by-row bar graph of on-the-go or instantaneous data from each stalksensor assembly 20 (shown in FIGS. 8, 9B, 10A, 11A, 12A, 13A, 14A, and15A at 20 ) which may appear via the visualization system 18 on thein-cab display 15. It should be appreciated that all stalk sensorassembly 20 data, such as the row-by-row bar graph data, can bevisualized in many different formats. For example, the data may appearin the user interface 19, as a numerical display or a row-by-row colormap with a legend indicating magnitude of each parameter.

III. Harvested Plants

Various implementations of the agricultural system 10 assess thequantity of harvested plants. Harvested plants are a count of cornstalks 2 harvested by each row unit 12 of the corn head 13. The stalksensor assembly 20 and associated system 10 may be constructed andarranged to allow a user to optionally exclude emerged late plants 2Afrom harvested plants 2. This ability is useful because, as discussedabove, emerged late plants 2A do not contribute any significant yieldand therefore the technique allows for quantifying only the productivecorn plants 2.

In some implementations, harvested plants 2 can be visualized as plantsper area or as a percent of planted seeds per area. The harvested plantdata may be displayed in real-time or near real-time on a row-by-rowbasis (shown for example in FIG. 17). The data can also be in numericalform or a color map with a legend indicating harvested plant magnitude.In various implementations, harvested plants 2 can be visualized as anaverage across all rows. The average may be expressed in differentvisualization forms, such as a bar graph, numerically, a color map witha legend indicating magnitude of harvested plants, and/or other forms aswould be appreciated by those of skill in the art. In someimplementations, the average harvested plants can be visualized andcompared by treatment, such as by hybrid, tillage or planter treatments.

In various implementations, the number of harvested plants 2 isinterchangeable with the ear count. This is because nearly all cornstalks 2 only have one ear 4, therefore the number of harvested plants 2is typically about equal to the number of productive ears 4. Thisrelationship is more accurate in implementations wherein emerged lateplants 2A are excluded from the number of harvested plants 2. In thisdisclosure, the use of ear count is interchangeable with the use ofharvested plants 2.

IV Missing Plants

The system 10, according to certain implementations, is constructed andarranged to calculate, display, log and map missing plants 3 via thevisualization system 18. Counting and mapping missing plants 3 isvaluable to various stakeholders because, as discussed above, cornplants 2 adjacent to missing plants 3 either do not compensate for theyield lost from a missing plant 3 or the compensation is negligible. Forthis reason, missing plants 3 often represent the largest economicimpact of any parameter that the corn stalk sensor assembly 20,discussed herein, measures.

In some implementations, missing plants 3 can be visualized in real-timeor near real-time on a row-by-row basis via the visualization system 18,as shown in FIG. 17. The missing plant 3 data can also be in numericalform or a color map with a legend indicating missing plant magnitude. Inthese and other implementations, missing plants 3 can also be visualizedas an average across all rows. In addition, the missing plants can alsobe visualized as a percent of missing plants based on differenttreatments, like planting date or hybrids, as shown in FIGS. 18A and18B. The average can be expressed in different visualization forms, suchbar graph, numerically or a color map with a legend indicating magnitudeof missing plants 3.

V. Quantification

Various approaches to the visualization system 18 are configured forquantifying missing plants 3, such as those discovered via the sensorassemblies 20. According to one implementation, the system 10 maydetermine missing plants by subtracting stalks counted by the stalksensor assemblies 20 from the quantity of seeds planted where theharvester 11 is harvesting. For example, if the stalk sensor assemblies20 count 30,000 harvested plants/ac in an area in which the planterplanted 32,000 seeds/ac, the system 10 subtracts 32,000-30,000, and thendisplays and records 2,000 missing plants per acre. The planted seedquantity may be expressed as a seeding rate (number of seeds planted perarea) and may come from “as-planted” information electronically andspatially recorded by the planter system.

Farmers and other practitioners may have access to “as-planted”information during harvest by use of the same visualization system 18and display 15 in the harvester 11 as the planter. In someimplementations, the harvester 11 display 15 is different than theplanter display and the “as-planted” information can be downloaded froma cloud storage system or any other file transfer means know to those ofskill in the art. In various implementations, the “as-planted” seedingrate may be derived from planter seed sensor readings, a manuallyentered target seeding rate into the planter system, or a prescriptionseeding rate map. In implementations where field areas are planted at asingle seeding rate, the user can enter a target seeding rate into thesystem 10.

In alternate implementations, missing plants 3 can be calculated withoutuser entered seeding rates or “as-planted” seeding rate information byusing stalk sensor assemblies 20 to measure the average corn plantspacing at harvest. Corn planted at a fixed seeding rate has atheoretical target seed spacing. For example, corn planted at 32,000seeds per acre at 30-inch row spacings are typically spaced about 6.5inches apart. Planters are typically not capable of spacing every seedexactly 6.5 inches apart; however, average seed spacing within a fieldas measured by planter monitors are typically close to the targetspacing (in this example 6.5 inches). Because seeds do not move in thesoil, corn stalk sensor assemblies 20 can measure the space betweenevery plant at harvest and calculate the same average seed spacing asthe planter monitor.

Stalk sensor assemblies 20 determine seed spacing by measuring thedistance the harvester 11 travels between each counted stalk 2. Thesystem 10 according to certain implementations calculates distancetraveled from a harvester 11 ground speed source, such as GPS, radar,transmission speed sensor, or other source known to those of skill inthe art. In various implementations, the system 10 records a fieldaverage plant spacing and updates the value as new stalks are harvestedand counted. The system 10 may then back calculate the original targetseeding rate using the corn head 13 row unit 12 space setting and thestalk sensor assembly 20 average plant spacing.

In one example, the target seeding rate (seeds/ac) is:

$\frac{6,272,640\mspace{14mu} ({seeds})}{{average}\mspace{14mu} {plant}\mspace{14mu} {spacing}\mspace{14mu} ({inches}) \times {row}\mspace{14mu} {spacing}\mspace{14mu} ({inches})}$

In another example, the target seeding rate (seeds/hectare) is:

$\frac{100,000000\mspace{14mu} ({seeds})}{{average}\mspace{14mu} {plant}\mspace{14mu} {spacing}\mspace{14mu} ({cm}) \times {row}\mspace{14mu} {spacing}\mspace{14mu} ({cm})}$

As described above, the calculated target seeding rate minus countedstalks calculates the missing plant quantity.

In certain implementations, the system 10 visualization system 18quantifies missing plants as plants per area or as a percent of plantedseeds. For example, if the stalk sensor assemblies 20 count 30,000harvested plants/ac in an area where the planter planted 32,000seeds/ac, the system 10 calculates, displays and records 2,000 missingplants or stated another way 6.25% missing plants. Missing plantsexpressed on a percent basis can be a more useful metric in certaincircumstances than plants/area. For example, different treatments likecorn hybrids or planting date may characteristically produce a certainpercentage of missing plants, regardless of the planted seeding rate.The ability to compare treatments on a percentage basis exposes theproportional tendency of the treatment.

FIG. 18A shows missing plant trends for various exemplary hybrid types.FIG. 18B shows a proportional tendency for more missing plants atearlier planting dates compared to later planting dates, independent ofthe planted seeding rate. Other treatments that may be comparedincluding, but not limited to, planting depth, row unit down force, soilmoisture, soil temperature, seed to soil contact, tillage depth,fertilizer rate, and others as would be appreciated by those of skill inthe art.

VI. Late Emergence

In some implementations, the agricultural system 10 measures thequantity of late emerged plants, as was also discussed above in relationto FIG. 9B-C. In certain of these implementations, late emergence isquantified by detecting the stalk size proximate the plant bottom,approximately the first 0-3 feet of stalk above ground. As discussedabove, late emerged plants 2A stalk size can be approximately half thestalk size of a productive plant 2. The stalk size may be in terms ofcross-sectional stalk area, circumference, or perimeter, as discussedabove. Exemplary stalk sensor assemblies 20 measuring and distinguishingbetween late and productive plants are described throughout thisdisclosure, and the processing and display of collected data about lateemergence can be achieved via the visualization system 18implementations discussed variously herein such as in relation to FIG.8.

Late emerged plants can be expressed, recorded, logged, mapped,displayed and otherwise visualized with the same units and userinterface 19 techniques as described above with respect to missingplants, as would be readily appreciated by the skilled artisan.

VII. Yield Per Plant or Area

In various implementations of the system 10, corn yield can be measuredin yield units per area “YPA”), for example, bushels/acre or metrictons/hectare. Corn hybrids, fertilizer rates, seeding rates and manyother agronomic and mechanical treatments are compared on a YPA basis.The corn stalk sensor assemblies 20, in combination with a yield monitor44 integrated with the operations system of the visualization system 18are configured to measure yield characteristics, such as yield perplant. The yield per plant is typically a very small number, and as suchit may be useful to express yield per 1000 plants or other value.

As described herein, yield per 1000 plants may be expressed as YPK. TheYPA may be expressed as the BPA or bushels per acre. The yield per 1000plants in bushels may be expressed as BPK. In some implementations,yield per plant can be calculated from YPA, derived from the yieldmonitor 44, divided by the quantity of harvested plants derived from thestalk sensor assemblies 20.

In a specific example, shown in FIG. 19, a yield monitor 44 measures 250bu/ac and stalk sensor assemblies 20 count 2,000 harvested plants/ac,not including any emerged late plants. The system 10 via thevisualization system 18 and associated processing components, describedabove, may then divide 250 by 32,000 to achieve a yield per plant of0.0078 bushels. In certain implementations the system 10, may multiplythat calculated yield per plant by 1000 to achieve of a yield per 1000plants. In some implementations, the system 10 can divide the yield (250bu/ac) by number of harvested plants divided by 1000, to equal about 7.8bushels per 1000 plants.

In certain implementations, yield per plant is visualized as ear weight.To calculate ear weight:

$\frac{{YPA} \times 56}{{Harvested}\mspace{14mu} {Plant}\mspace{14mu} {Quantity}}$

Where YPA is derived from the yield monitor 44 and the harvested plantquantic is derived from the stalk sensor assemblies 20. A value of 56pounds per bushel is a standard value for corn. The YPA is a volumetricmeasurement that must be converted to weight when yield per plant iscalculated and visualized using ear weight.

YPK and ear weight are expressed in different units (volume and weightrespectively), the values can be used interchangeably when evaluatingthe proportional difference between various treatments.

YPK may be a useful metric where it is important to visualize the yieldwith respect to only the number of harvested plants. YPK is a functionof kernel weight and kernel count per plant of the plants present atharvest. YPA is a function of kernel weight and kernel count per plantbut is lowered by yield lost due to missing and emerged late plants. Inother words, YPA reflects a yield penalty for missing plants and emergedlate plants.

Because plants standing at harvest do not make up the yield lost frommissing plants 3 or emerged late plants 2A or any compensation isnegligible, YPK can be useful for comparing the yield response ofagronomic and/or mechanical treatments. YPK can represent the trueagronomic yield response better than YPA in cases where a mechanicalissue proportionally caused more missing plants 3 and/or emerged lateplants 2A in a particular treatment.

FIG. 20 shows treatment comparison, specifically a corn hybridcomparison. Hybrid P 0987AMX yielded 13 bushels less than two DK hybridson a YPA basis. However, Hybrid P 0987AMX yielded about the same on aYPK basis. The YPA difference can be attributed to the increased numberof missing plants for the P 0987AMX hybrid, 9.2% of the P 0987 plantswere missing at harvest versus about 2% for the DK hybrids. YPK of theharvested P 0987 plants is 7.7, similar to the YPK of the DK hybrids of7.6. It is agronomically reasonable to assume that missing plants couldyield about 7.7 bu/1000 plants had they been there at harvest. If themissing plant rate of the P 0987AMX hybrid was similar to that of the DKhybrids, the YPA. of P 0987 would be equal to or greater than the YPA ofthe two DK hybrids.

In reference to the above example, this data would let a farmer or otherpractitioner know that missing plants 3 and/or late emerging plants 2Aare likely an important factor in the lower yield of the P 0987AMXhybrid. As discussed in more detail above, mechanical problems with theplanter may be the reason for a high number of missing plants 3 oremerged late plants 2A. These missing plants 3 or emerged late plants 2Acause a lower YPA of an otherwise high yielding hybrid. This informationallows a fanner or other practitioner to make fully informed decisions.For example, knowing all three hybrids had the same YPK and noting amechanical problem caused the P 0987 missing plants, means the farmermay now consider P 0987 to be equal in yield to the two DK hybrids ifplanted properly.

FIG. 21 shows various yield data for certain exemplary corn hybrids. Inthis example, emerged late plants 2A are excluded from harvested plants2. The YPA of both hybrids was the same at 173 bu/ac. Yet the YPK of the42-98 hybrid was 20 % higher than the 61-49 hybrid (7.1 compared to 5.9bu/1000 plants). This information allows for assessing if a certainhybrid is higher yielding, has a chronic missing plant problem, or hasindependent mechanical causes for lower yields. This data can assist afarmer or other practitioner in assessing crop yield and determining thebest hybrids for subsequent plantings, as would be understood.

In various implementations of the system 10, the stalk sensor assembly20 and the visualization system 18 can calculate and visualize YPKand/or ear weight comparisons from different agronomic and/or mechanicaltreatments. The YPK or ear weight can be visualized as an average ofacross all row or in other ways as would be recognized. In variousimplementations, the data can appear in various forms including a bargraph, numerically, and/or a color map with a legend indicating YPKand/or ear weight magnitude via. GUI in the in-cab display 15. Alternateimplementations utilize further data metrics and display techniques, aswould be readily appreciated by those of skill in the art.

It is understood that YPK and/or ear weight visualization via thevisualization system 18 can be used for row-by-row yield monitoring. Itis further understood that in various implementations, the stalk sensorassemblies 20 do not directly measure the amount of grain per stalk, butthat the amount of grain per stalk can be estimated due to the strongcorrelation between the number of harvested stalks to the number ofproductive ears, as discussed above. That is, using the visualizationsystem 18, processing components, and previous data sets, it is possibleto estimate or otherwise predict the grain per stalk given certain knownor gathered parameters, such as an instantaneous or near real-timeyield, number of stalks harvested per unit area and/or per row, YPK, andothers as would be appreciated, each of which can be entered by theuser, gathered via the system 10, determined by the sensor assemblies 20or pulled from stored data on a database 47, server 45, in the cloud 46or elsewhere, as would be readily appreciated by those of skill in theart.

In various implementations, the system 10 and associated processingcomponents, may determine the row-by-row YPA according to the ratio ofharvested productive plants, excluding missing plants and late emergedplants, in each row to the average counted harvested productive plantsacross all corn head rows. The system 10 can include an instantaneous,or near real-time yield monitor 44, as described above. Additionally,the system 10 in conjunction with the sensor assemblies 20, candetermine the number of stalks 2 harvested per row. In one specificexample—wherein it is assumed that all productive plants harvested havethe same YPK—the real time yield is 250 bu/ac and the row-by-row countof stalks 2 harvested is 30,000 plts/ac for row 1, 25,000 plts/ac forrow 2, 30,000 plts/ac for row 3, and 30,000 plts/ac for row 4. Thesystem 10 may divide the number of harvested plants per row by theaverage number of harvested plants across all rows to determine a perrow plant ratio. Continuing with the above example, the per row plantratio is 1.043 for row 1, 0.870 for row 2, etc. The plant ratio may thenbe multiplied by real-time yield to determine the YPA per row. In theexample, the YPA for row 1 is 260, 218 for row 2, etc.

An exemplary equation for determining a YPA per row is:

$\frac{{Count}_{n}}{{Avg}\mspace{14mu} {harvested}\mspace{14mu} {plants}\mspace{14mu} {across}\mspace{14mu} {all}\mspace{14mu} {corn}\mspace{14mu} {head}\mspace{14mu} {rows}}$$\frac{{Yield}_{n}}{{Avg}\mspace{14mu} {yield}\mspace{14mu} {across}\mspace{14mu} {all}\mspace{14mu} {corn}\mspace{14mu} {head}\mspace{14mu} {rows}}$

where n is the individual row number.

In another implementation, the row-by-row yield can be calculated bymultiplying the YPK by the number of harvested plants per acre by row(expressed in thousands). The YPK may be determined by dividing theyield (250 bu/ac) by the average number of harvested plants per acre(28.75). It would also be appreciated by those of skill in the art thatother equations and methods, such as a direct proportional distributionmethod, may be used to determine row-by-row YPA values.

In these and other implementations, the row-by-row YPA can be visualizedvia the visualization system 18. The various data, including the row-byrow YPA, can be visualized in different forms, for example, bar graph,numerically, or a color map with a legend indicating YPA magnitude. Insome implementations, the data can be visualized comparatively byagronomic or mechanical treatment.

VIII. Economic Loss

Various implementations of the system 10 having a visualization system18 are constructed and arranged to calculate and display economic loss.

It will be appreciated that YPA quantifies the amount of sellable grainin all field areas, but it does not quantify the yield “that could havebeen.” Said another way YPA does not quantify the potential yield lostdue to missing plants 3 and emerged late plants 2A.

The missing plants 3 and/or emerged late plants 2A can be expressed asan estimated economic or monetary loss to help practitioners comprehendthe extent of financial loss better than plants per area and percentquantifications.

In some implementations, the system 10 can perform various calculations,including determining missing plants 3 and emerged late plants 2A inplants per area units averaged across all rows of the corn head 13.FIGS. 20 and 21 show missing plants 3 and emerged late plants 2A as apercent quantification. The system can calculate the number of missingplants 3 and emerged late plants 2A by multiplying the number of plantedplants/ac by the percentage of missing plants 3 and the percentage ofemerged late plants 2A. To calculate only one parameter (missing plants3 or late emerged plants 2A) the system 10 omits the other parameterpercentage from the calculation.

Using hybrid 42-98 in FIG. 21 an example the calculation may be:

$\frac{34,300\mspace{14mu} {plant}\text{/}{ac} \times \left( {{25\%} + {4\%}} \right)}{100}9,947\mspace{14mu} {plants}\text{/}{ac}$

As desired, if only the number of missing plants 3 was desired the 4%can be removed from the calculation, such that the number of missingplants 3 is 8,575 plants/ac.

In various implementations the system 10 can determine potential lostyield. Potential lost yield can be calculated by multiplying the numberof missing and emerged late plants divided by 1000, as calculated above,by the YPK. This value represents the estimated yield loss from missingplants 3 and emerged late plants 2A assuming a 100% yield loss for themissing plants 3 and late emerged plants 2A.

Continuing with the above specific example, the potential yield loss is:

9.947 (plants/1000)/ac×7.1 71 bu/ac

In some implementations, the system 10 can determine economic loss. Forthis calculation a selling price must be assumed or determined. Theeconomic loss may he calculated by multiplying the potential lost yield,as calculated above by the selling price/bushel. The selling price canbe user entered in the system 10 or otherwise gathered from an externalor internal source.

Continuing with the above specific example, the economic loss is:

71 bu/ac×x $3.50/bu $249/ac loss In this example the price per bushel isassumed to be $3.50 per bushel.

The various data can be visualized in different forms, for example, bargraph, numerically, or a color map with a legend indicating economicloss magnitude. In some implementations the data can be visualizedcomparatively by agronomic or mechanical treatment. For example, a bargraph, as shown in FIG. 18A or FIG. 18B, can be modified by substitutingon the Y axis various calculated or measured parameters.

IX. Area Counting

In some implementations, the system 10 is constructed and arranged forharvester area counting that is row independent, also referred to asrow-by-row. In these and other implementations, the stalk sensorassemblies 20 allow for row-by-row area counting. In these and otherimplementations, each stalk sensor assembly 20 turns area counting onwhen it detects a stalk 2 feeding into the row unit 12. Each stalksensor assembly 20 turns area counting off when stalks 2 stop feedinginto the row unit 12. The area count contribution of each row is afunction of harvester ground speed multiplied by row width, and can becalculated and displayed via the visualization system 18 as would beappreciated.

As an exemplary implementation, FIG. 7 depicts an eight row, 30-inch rowwidth corn harvester 11 finishing a pass. In this example, stalks 2 areno longer feeding into corn head 13 rows 1-3. As such the stalk sensorassemblies 20 of rows 1-3 are not counting area, while the stalk sensorassemblies 20 of rows 4-8 are counting area as signaled by the presenceof stalks 2 feeding into each row 12.

At various times one or more rows 12 may have an extended length ofconsecutive missing plants 3—for example 3+ feet with no plant. In thissituation, to maintain YPA accuracy, the system 10 keeps area countingon because the missing plants 3 represent an unintended economic loss.

In some implementations, to prevent false area count off triggers, thesystem 10 can shut off area counting in a cascading fashion from theoutside of the corn head 13 in. Said another way, an inside row will notshutoff until an adjacent more exterior adjacent row shuts off. Forexample, referring to FIG. 7, row 3 will not shutoff until row 2 shutsoff, and row 2 will not shutoff until row 1 shuts off. This outside toinside daisy chain or cascading type method prevents false area countoff triggers on inside rows.

In certain implementations, the two furthest outside row units 12 willnot shut off until they experience more than a threshold amount ofconsecutive distance, such as feet or meters, of missing plants 3. Thethreshold may be a user entered setting or a hard-coded setting, such asabout 3 feet. Other distances ranging from about one inch to about 10feet or more are of course possible in alternate implementations.

X. Row Alarms

Certain implementations of the agricultural system 10 utilize rowalarms. Referring now to FIG. 22, corn heads 13 have two stalk rolls 58per row 12 that pull and crumple the stalk down through the corn head 13to the ground. A set of stripper plates 30A, 30B strip the ear off thestalk 2 as the stalk 2 is pulled down through a gap between the plates.Gathering chains 52A, 52B (also referred to as gathering fingers) carrythe stripped ears to a cross auger that conveys to the harvester feederhose.

Stalks, rocks, grass, weeds, soil, and the like may from time to timejam in the stalk rolls 58 or gathering chains 52A, 52B imposing a hightorque on the stalk rolls 58 and gathering chains 52A, 52B. To preventmechanical breakage, corn head row units 12 in some implementationsinclude a mechanical clutch that will slip at high torques. In theseimplementations, when the clutch starts to slip, the row unit 12 RPMslows and the row unit 12 may move in a jerky motion. The row unit 12may stop turning altogether if it cannot clear the jam through the stalkrolls 58 and gathering chains 52A, 52B.

Turning to FIGS. 23 and 24, if the row unit 12 stops turning, stalks 2can jam up next to each other in front of the row unit 12. These pluggedrows may result in a 100% yield loss until they are unplugged becausethe row unit 12 stops gathering ears altogether. As a furthercomplication, in certain situations it is understood that after theplugged row jams full of stalks 2, the row unit 12 pushes over andbreaks off stalks leaving all the ears on the ground.

In use, according to certain implementations, the agricultural system 10may detect a plugged row unit 12 by sensing one or more stalks 2 jammedtogether via the sensor assembly 20 with proximity sensor 32. Duringcorn head 13 operation, the sensor assembly 20 according to theseimplementations is configured to detect gaps or spaces betweenindividual stalks 2 via the proximity sensor 32 as the stalks 2 enterthe row unit 12 and pass through the sensor assembly 20. For example,the proximity sensor 32 can measure the stalk gap distance by measuringthe time or distance between when the proximity sensor 32 is on-when thewheels 22 return to their original position-to when the proximity sensor32 is off indicating the next stalk has entered the sensor assembly 20.The stalk gap distance can be set to a defined threshold, such that whenthe stalk gap distance violates the defined threshold a jam hasoccurred. Accordingly, the system 10 according to these implementationsis configured to issue a row plugged alarm, such as on the in-cabdisplay 15, when no stalk gaps are detected for a defined traveldistance or time, or the stalk gap distance otherwise violates thedefined threshold. Other parameters can be used in alternateimplementations, as would be understood.

There are further possible complications; often corn heads 13 have toomany rows for an operator to effectively visually watch for jams attypical harvest speeds. Additionally, outside corn head 13 rows may bedifficult to see due to their distance and orientation away from the cabof the harvester 11. The visual difficultly may increase due tonighttime harvests or dust,

FIG. 25 is flowchart depicting an exemplary algorithm for a row plugalarm 120 within the system 10 based on distance traveled since the laststalk gap was detected. In various implementations, the thresholddistance may be entered by a user or may be a predefined setting withinthe system 10. In various implementations, the distance threshold may beabout 3 feet and the gap threshold distance may be about 0.5 feet. It isreadily appreciated that other threshold distances and gap thresholddistances may be employed in alternate implementations.

In various implementations, the row plug alarm 120 will be issued aftera series of steps are executed via the system 10 and associated hardwarecomponents, discussed above. During harvest the sensor assemblies 20detect the presence of stalks 2 (box 122), as discussed above. The rowplug alarm 120 then asks if there is a stalk gap within the gapthreshold distance (box 124). If there is a stalk gap within thethreshold distance, no plug is detected, no alarm is issued and thesensor assembly 20 begins sensing the next stalk 2 and stalk gap.

If the sensor assembly 20 does not detect a stalk gap or the stalk gapis less than the threshold distance, the system 10 may then add thedistance traveled since the last detected stalk to the distance counter(box 128). Next, the system will ask if the distance counter is greaterthan the distance threshold (box 130). If the distance counter is lessthan the distance threshold, no plug is detected, no alarm is issued andthe sensor assembly 20 begins sensing the next stalk 2 and stalk gap. Ifthe distance counter is greater than the distance threshold then a plugis detected and the row plug alarm is issued (box 132).

As shown in FIG. 26, row units 12 may turn slow and cause stalks 2 tobunch together as they feed into the row unit 12. This slow turning andbunching may cause header grain loss through uneven feeding or plugging.Row units 12 turning too fast can cause a high ear impact on stripperplates (shown in FIG. 22 at 30A, 30B) that shell grain off the earbottom. Corn header row units 12 need to be turning fast enough thatstalks 2 maintain their plant spacing as they feed into the head 13 andbut not so fast as to cause high impact forces on the stripper plates30A, 30B, as shown in FIG. 27.

Farmers or other operators may set the corn head 13 speed to correctlyfeed stalks 2 for a certain ground speed. As conditions change andoperators change harvester ground speed, the corn header 13 RPM needs tobe adjusted as well, but often is not. In various implementations, thestalk sensor assemblies 20 can detect if the corn head 13 speed iseither too fast or too slow for the current ground speed by looking forgaps between stalks 2 that are different than gaps that correspond tothe target seeding rate. The system 10 can issue an alarm to alert anoperator that the row unit 12 is not operating at the correct or optimalspeed. The alarm may continue until the sensor assembly 20 detects gapsthat correspond to the target seeding rate. In some implementations, thealarm may notify the harvester operator to decrease travel speed orincrease the header RPM or a combination of both. The operator knows thetravel speed and/or header RPM is corrected when the alarm ceases.

In alternate implementations, the system 10 may automatically controlheader speed by the rate of stalks 2 passing by the sensor assembly 20.In one specific example, the optimum corn head speed for 10 stalks persecond entering the row unit 12 may be 450 RPM and 15 stalks per secondmight be 525 RPM. The system 10 may automatically adjust the corn headspeed to 525 RPM when the rate jumps from 10 to 15 stalks per second. Invarious implementations, the automatic speed control can be independent,row-by-row, or for all rows together.

XI. Planter Rows

The system 10 may have access to “as-planted” spatial informationrecorded from the planting operation. Using the harvester 11 UPSlocation, the system 10 determines the as-planted pass the harvester 11is harvesting. Because planter rows 12 commonly exceed corn head 13 rowsby a multiple of two or three, the system 10 must find the right set ofcontiguous planter rows within the planter pass width that aligns withthe corn head 13 row units 12. Various planter recording systemsspatially record each row and its planter row number. In these and otherimplementations, the system 10 uses the harvester 11 UPS location toassociate the correct bet of planter row numbers to the corn head 13.

The corn head 13 to planter row association can be automatically resetfor every harvested pass as triggered by when the harvester 11 startsharvesting a new pass as shown in FIG. 28.

In implementations where the as planted information does not containplanter row numbers, the system 10 may determine the planter row numberto corn head 13 row number association by comparing planting directionto the harvester 11 direction and taking into account planter width andwhere the harvester 11 lines up within that planter width.

The system 10, in some implementations, may record and display the fieldaverage harvested plants 2, missing plants 3 and emerged late plants 2Aper area by each planter row number. The system 10 may update fieldaverages as new stalks 2 are harvested and counted.

FIG. 29 depicts an exemplary in-cab display 15 and user interface 19.The real-time or near real-time feedback of data from the sensorassemblies 20 can indicate mechanical issues with the planter. Forexample, in FIG. 29, the fourth planter row unit has a field average of15% missing plants, which is substantially higher than other row units,which indicates something may he wrong with the fourth row unit and/orfourth row.

In some implementations, the system 10 has a reset or restart functionfor the planter row average. The reset or restart function can be amanual or automatic function. The system 10 may reset or restart thedata collected when harvesting a new condition or field section, In oneexample, an automatic reset function may be triggered when the harvester11 switches to a new field, field sub-region or hybrid.

In another example, the system 10 may trigger an automatic reset orrestart when the harvester 11 enters a field area that has a differentpre-recorded planter, sprayer, fertilizer or tillage parameter, such asseed depth, closing wheel adjustment, row cleaner adjustment, row unitgauge wheel down force, or other parameters as would be recognized bethose of skill in the art.

In various implementations, the system 10 names and records eachinstance as a numerical summary of the average performance of eachplanter row.

Although the disclosure has been described with reference to variousembodiments, persons skilled in the art will recognize that changes maybe made in form and detail without departing from the spirit and scopeof the disclosed apparatus, systems and methods.

What is claimed is:
 1. An agricultural system, comprising at least onestalk sensor assembly, wherein the at least one stalk sensor assembly isconstructed and arranged to measure stalk size.
 2. The agriculturalsystem of claim 1, wherein the at least one stalk sensor assemblycomprises one or more wheels.
 3. The agricultural system of claim 2,wherein: the one or more wheels engage with stalks so as to rotate, and(ii) the agricultural system estimates the size of the stalks via thewheel rotation.
 4. The agricultural system of claim 3, wherein the oneor more wheels is operationally coupled to one or more pulse sensors. 5.The agricultural system of claim 3, wherein the one or more wheels isoperationally coupled to one or more brakes.
 6. The agricultural systemof claim 3, wherein the one or more wheels is operationally coupled toone or more proximity sensors.
 7. The agricultural system claim 1,further comprising a visualization system.
 8. The agricultural system ofclaim 7, wherein the visualization system comprises a user interface onan in-cab display.
 9. An agricultural system, comprising at least onestalk sensor assembly comprising: (a) at least one wheel; (b) at leastone resilient member operatively engaged with the at least one wheel;(c) at least one pulse sensor in communication with the wheel andconstructed and arranged to detect degrees of rotation of the at leastone wheel; wherein the degrees of rotation of the at least one wheel arecorrelated to stalk size.
 10. The agricultural system of claim 9,further comprising a visualization system in communication with the atleast one sensor assembly.
 11. The agricultural system of claim 10,wherein the visualization system comprises a yield monitor.
 12. Theagricultural system of claim 11, wherein the yield monitor isconstructed and arranged to determine yield on a row-by-row basis. 13.The agricultural system of claim 9, further comprising a late emergedthreshold defined by wheel rotation.
 14. The agricultural system ofclaim 10, wherein the visualization system is constructed and arrangedto calculate and display one or more of harvested plants, lateemergence, missing plants, yield per plant, yield per area, yield perthousand, bushels per acre, bushels per thousand, economic loss,row-by-row area counting, and row plugs.
 15. An agricultural system,comprising: a sensor assembly comprising: (a) a first wheel and a secondwheel; (b) a first pulse sensor in communication with the first wheel;and (c) a second pulse sensor in communication with the second wheel,wherein the first pulse sensor and the second pulse sensor measuredegrees of rotation of the first wheel and the second wheel.
 16. Theagricultural system of claim 15, wherein the sensor assembly isconstructed and arranged to estimate a stalk circumference from thedegrees of rotation.
 17. The agricultural system of claim 16, furthercomprising a first resilient member operatively engaged with the firstwheel and a second resilient member operatively engaged with the secondwheel.
 18. The agricultural system of claim 15, further comprising avisualization system.
 19. The agricultural system of claim 15, furthercomprising at least one proximity sensor.
 20. The agricultural system ofclaim 19, further comprising a row unit plug alarm.